Tag: M.W=100-200

Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about Genes from Pseudomonas sp. strain BS involved in the conversion of L-2-amino-Δ2-thiazolin-4-carbonic acid to L-cysteine. Author is Shiba, Toshikazu; Takeda, Kohji; Yajima, Misako; Tadano, Makoto.

DL-2-Amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carbonic acid (DL-ATC) is a substrate for cysteine synthesis in some bacteria, and this bioconversion has been utilized for cysteine production in industry. We cloned a DNA fragment containing the genes involved in the conversion of L-ATC to L-cysteine from Pseudomonas sp. strain BS. The introduction of this DNA fragment into Escherichia coli cells enabled them to convert L-ATC to cysteine via N-carbamoyl-L-cysteine (L-NCC) as an intermediate. The smallest recombinant plasmid, designated pTK10, contained a 2.6-kb insert DNA fragment that has L-cysteine synthetic activity. The nucleotide sequence of the insert DNA revealed that two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins with mol. masses of 19.5 and 44.7 kDa were involved in the L-cysteine synthesis from DL-ATC. These ORFs were designated atcB and atcC, resp., and their gene products were identified by overproduction of proteins encoded in each ORF and by the maxicell method. The functions of these gene products were examined using extracts of E. coli cells carrying deletion derivatives of pTK10. The results indicate that atcB and atcC are involved in the conversion of L-ATC to L-NCC and the conversion of L-NCC to cysteine, resp. AtcB was first identified as a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes thiazoline ring opening. AtcC is highly homologous with L-N-carbamoylases. Since both enzymes can only catalyze the L-specific conversion from L-ATC to L-NCC or L-NCC to L-cysteine, it is thought that atcB and atcC encode L-ATC hydrolase and N-carbamoyl-L-cysteine amidohydrolase, resp.

In addition to the literature in the link below, there is a lot of literature about this compound(2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid)Application In Synthesis of 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, illustrating the importance and wide applicability of this compound(2150-55-2).

Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Weuffen, W.; Jess, G.; Juelich, W. D.; Bernhardt, D. researched the compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid( cas:2150-55-2 ).Product Details of 2150-55-2.They published the article 《Studies on the relation between 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and the thiocyanate metabolism in the guinea pig》 about this compound( cas:2150-55-2 ) in Pharmazie. Keywords: iminothiazolidine carboxylate metabolism; thiocyanate iminothiazolidine carboxylate metabolite. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:2150-55-2).

In vitro and in vivo experiments have been carried out to elucidate the metabolism of 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (I) [2150-55-2]. By using I-35S, the formation. of 35SCN as well as of 35S-containing I metabolites could be excluded. As compared to the findings from control animals, the serum SCN levels determined in guinea pigs after oral administration of I were unchanged.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

COA of Formula: C4H6N2O2S. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about 2-Iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid produces hippocampal CA1 lesions independent of seizure excitation and glutamate receptor activation. Author is Bitner, R. S.; Yim, G. K. W.; Isom, G. E..

In this study, the ability of either 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (2-ICA), glutamate, proline or NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) injected i.c.v. to produce hippocampal lesions sensitive to glutamate antagonists was compared in mice. Hippocampal CA1 damage was observed 5-days following either a seizure (3.2 μmol) or subseizure (1.0 μmol) dose of 2-ICA. Glutamate (3.2 μmol) or proline (10 μmol) also produced hippocampal damage; glutamate damage was primarily to the CA1 subfield, whereas proline damaged neurons throughout the entire hippocampal formation. NMDA (3.2 nmol) caused seizure activity in all animals with a 50% lethality. No hippocampal damage was observed in surviving mice. Neither MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate) nor CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) pretreatment prevented hippocampal lesions produced by 2-ICA. In contrast, MK-801 significantly reduced the frequency of mice displaying glutamate hippocampal lesions, but failed to block seizures produced by glutamate. MK-801 also protected neurons in the CA2-3 zone and the dentate gyrus, but not in the CA1 region of proline-injected mice. Finally, pretreatment with the mixed metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)1/mGluR2 antagonist-agonist (S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) prevented hippocampal damage produced by the mGluR 1 agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), but did not protect against 2-ICA hippocampal lesions. These results show that 2-ICA hippocampal CA1 damage is not mediated through ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors. 2-ICA hippocampal damage may represent a neurotoxicity that is distinct from excitotoxic-mediated cell death.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Decamethrin metabolism in rats, published in 1978, which mentions a compound: 2150-55-2, mainly applied to decamethrin metabolism rat, Computed Properties of C4H6N2O2S.

On oral administration to male rats, the pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin (I) [52918-63-5] and various metabolites derived from its acid and alc. fragments were almost completely eliminated from the body within 2-4 days. Metabolites of the cyano substituent were eliminated more slowly, especially from the skin and stomach, due in the latter case to temporary retention of thiocyanate which was formed from released cyanide. The excreted metabolites included: esters monohydroxylated at the 2′, 4′, and 5 positions of the alc. moiety; 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [59952-39-5] and its glucuronide [66855-97-8] and glycine conjugate [66855-98-9] and a hydroxylated derivative [66855-99-0] of this acid, with the hydroxymethyl group trans to the carboxyl, and its glucuronide [66856-00-6]; 3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3739-38-6] and its glucuronide [57991-35-2] and glycine conjugate [57991-36-3], 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid [35065-12-4] and its glucuronide [66856-01-7] and sulfate conjugate [58218-91-0], and 3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid sulfate [61183-26-4]; thiocyanate [302-04-5] and 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid [2150-55-2]. Trans-Decamethrin [64363-96-8] was also rapidly metabolized in rats.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Tshala-Katumbay, Desire D.; Ngombe, Nadege N.; Okitundu, Daniel; David, Larry; Westaway, Shawn K.; Boivin, Michael J.; Mumba, Ngoyi D.; Banea, Jean-Pierre researched the compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid( cas:2150-55-2 ).Category: pyrazines.They published the article 《Cyanide and the human brain: perspectives from a model of food (cassava) poisoning》 about this compound( cas:2150-55-2 ) in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Keywords: review cyanide intoxication brain food poisoning; cassava; cyanide; neurocognition; paralysis; warfare. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:2150-55-2).

A review. Threats by fundamentalist leaders to use chem. weapons have resulted in renewed interest in cyanide toxicity. Relevant insights may be gained from studies on cyanide mass intoxication in populations relying on cyanogenic cassava as the main source of food. In these populations, sublethal concentrations (up to 80 μmol/l) of cyanide in the blood are commonplace and lead to signs of acute toxicity. Long-term toxicity signs include a distinct and irreversible spastic paralysis, known as konzo, and cognition deficits, mainly in sequential processing (visual-spatial anal.) domains. Toxic culprits include cyanide (mitochondrial toxicant), thiocyanate (AMPA-receptor chaotropic cyanide metabolite), cyanate (protein-carbamoylating cyanide metabolite), and 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (seizure inducer). Factors of susceptibility include younger age, female gender, protein-deficient diet, and, possibly, the gut functional metagenome. The existence of uniquely exposed and neurol. affected populations offers invaluable research opportunities to develop a comprehensive understanding of cyanide toxicity and test or validate point-of-care diagnostic tools and treatment options to be included in preparedness kits in response to cyanide-related threats.

In addition to the literature in the link below, there is a lot of literature about this compound(2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid)Category: pyrazines, illustrating the importance and wide applicability of this compound(2150-55-2).

Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

SDS of cas: 1827-27-6. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: 5-Amino-2-fluoropyridine, is researched, Molecular C5H5FN2, CAS is 1827-27-6, about Synthesis, cytotoxic characterization, and SAR study of imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carboxamides. Author is Demjen, Andras; Alfoeldi, Robert; Angyal, Aniko; Gyuris, Mario; Hackler, Laszlo Jr.; Szebeni, Gabor J.; Woelfling, Janos; Puskas, Laszlo G.; Kanizsai, Ivan.

The synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic characteristics of new imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carboxamides were investigated. Following a hit-to-lead optimization exploiting 2D and 3D cultures of MCF-7 human breast, 4T1 mammary gland, and HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cancer cell lines, a 67-membered library was constructed and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was determined Seven synthesized analogs exhibited sub-micromolar activities, from which compound 63 (2-(tert-Butyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)amino)-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carboxamide) exerted the most significant potency with a remarkable HL-60 sensitivity (IC50 = 0.183 μM).

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry called Design, synthesis of novel celastrol derivatives and study on their antitumor growth through HIF-1α pathway, Author is Shang, Fan-Fan; Wang, Jing Ying; Xu, Qian; Deng, Hao; Guo, Hong-Yan; Jin, Xuejun; Li, Xiaoting; Shen, Qing-Kun; Quan, Zhe-Shan, which mentions a compound: 1827-27-6, SMILESS is NC1=CN=C(C=C1)F, Molecular C5H5FN2, Recommanded Product: 5-Amino-2-fluoropyridine.

Four series of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) functioning derivatives stemming from modifications to the C-29 carboxyl group of celastrol were designed and synthesized, and their anticancer activities were evaluated. To address the structure and activity relationship of each derivative, extensive structural changes were made. HRE luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that 12 modified compounds showed superior HIF-1α inhibitory activity. Among them, quinolin-7-yloxy derivative I exhibited the best features: first, it had the strongest HIF-1α inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.05μM, 5-fold higher than that of celastrol), and second, it possessed lower cytotoxicity (22-fold lower, I 16.85μM vs. celastrol 0.76μM). Thus, the safety factor of C6 was about 112 times higher than that of celastrol. Western blot assay indicated that I may inhibit the expression of HIF-1α protein in cells. Addnl., I hindered tumor cell cloning, migration and induced cell apoptosis. It is worth mentioning that in the mouse tumor xenograft model, I (10 mg/kg) displayed good antitumor activity in vivo, showing a better inhibition rate (74.03%) than the reference compound 5-fluorouracil (inhibition rate, 59.58%). However, the celastrol treatment group experienced collective death after four doses of the drug. Moreover, I minimally affected the mouse weight, indicating that its application in vivo has little toxic effect. H&E staining experiments show that it could also exacerbate the degree of tumor cell damage. The results of water solubility experiment show that the solubility of I is increased by 1.36 times than that of celastrol. In conclusion, I is a promising antitumor agent through the HIF-1α pathway.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Determination of 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid》. Authors are Bradham, L. S.; Catsimpoolas, Nicholas; Wood, John L..The article about the compound:2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acidcas:2150-55-2,SMILESS:O=C(C1N=C(N)SC1)O).Quality Control of 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:2150-55-2) is conveyed.

Procedures are described for determination of 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, using diazotized sulfanilic acid or the mercury-diphenylthiocarbazone reaction. The compound should first be separated from interfering substances such as are found in urine. Paper electrophoresis, ion displacement, or chromatography suffice for this purpose.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, Chemistry – A European Journal called Total synthesis of potent antifungal marine bisoxazole natural products benzazoles A and B, Author is Bull, James A.; Balskus, Emily P.; Horan, Richard A. J.; Langner, Martin; Ley, Steven V., which mentions a compound: 118994-89-1, SMILESS is O=C(C1=CN=CO1)OCC, Molecular C6H7NO3, Safety of Ethyl oxazole-5-carboxylate.

The bengazoles are a family of marine natural products that display potent antifungal activity and a unique structure, containing two oxazole rings flanking a single carbon atom. Total syntheses of benzazole A and B are described, which contain a sensitive stereogenic center at this position between the two oxazoles. Addnl., the synthesis of 10-epi-benzazole A is reported. Two parallel synthetic routes were investigated, relying on construction of the 2,4-disubstituted oxazole under mild conditions and a diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition Our successful route is high yielding, provides rapid access to single stereoisomers of the complex natural products and allows the synthesis of analogs for biol. evaluation.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Tshala-Katumbay, Desire D.; Ngombe, Nadege N.; Okitundu, Daniel; David, Larry; Westaway, Shawn K.; Boivin, Michael J.; Mumba, Ngoyi D.; Banea, Jean-Pierre published an article about the compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid( cas:2150-55-2,SMILESS:O=C(C1N=C(N)SC1)O ).HPLC of Formula: 2150-55-2. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:2150-55-2) through the article.

A review. Threats by fundamentalist leaders to use chem. weapons have resulted in renewed interest in cyanide toxicity. Relevant insights may be gained from studies on cyanide mass intoxication in populations relying on cyanogenic cassava as the main source of food. In these populations, sublethal concentrations (up to 80 μmol/l) of cyanide in the blood are commonplace and lead to signs of acute toxicity. Long-term toxicity signs include a distinct and irreversible spastic paralysis, known as konzo, and cognition deficits, mainly in sequential processing (visual-spatial anal.) domains. Toxic culprits include cyanide (mitochondrial toxicant), thiocyanate (AMPA-receptor chaotropic cyanide metabolite), cyanate (protein-carbamoylating cyanide metabolite), and 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (seizure inducer). Factors of susceptibility include younger age, female gender, protein-deficient diet, and, possibly, the gut functional metagenome. The existence of uniquely exposed and neurol. affected populations offers invaluable research opportunities to develop a comprehensive understanding of cyanide toxicity and test or validate point-of-care diagnostic tools and treatment options to be included in preparedness kits in response to cyanide-related threats.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem