Category: Pyrazines

Side chain engineering of quinoxaline-based small molecular nonfullerene acceptors for high-performance poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based organic solar cells was written by Xiao, Bo;Zhang, Qianqian;Li, Gongqiang;Du, Mengzhen;Geng, Yanfang;Sun, Xiangnan;Tang, Ailing;Liu, Yingliang;Guo, Qiang;Zhou, Erjun. And the article was included in Science China: Chemistry in 2020.Related Products of 148231-12-3 This article mentions the following:

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most used semiconducting polymers for organic photovoltaics because it has potential for commercialization due to its easy synthesis and stability. Although the rapid development of the small mol. non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have largely improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on other complicated p-type polymers, the PCE of P3HT-based OSCs is still low. In addition, the design principle and structure-properties correlation for the NFAs matching well with P3HT are still unclear and need to be investigated in depth. Here we designed a series of NFAs comprised of acceptor (A) and donor (D) units with an A₂-A₁-D-A₁-A₂ configuration. These NFAs are abbreviated as Qx3, Qx3b and Qx3c, where indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b’]dithiophene (IDT), quinoxaline (Qx) and 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine serve as the middle D, bridged A₁ and the end group A₂, resp. By subtracting the Ph side groups appended on both IDT and Qx skeletons, the absorption spectra, energy levels and crystallinity could be regularly modulated. When paired with P3HT, three NFAs show totally different photovoltaic performance with PCEs of 3.37% (Qx3), 6.37% (Qx3b) and 0.03% (Qx3c), resp. From Qx3 to Qx3b, the removing of Ph side chain in the middle IDT unit results in the increase of crystallinity and electron mobility. However, after subtracting all the grafted Ph side groups on both IDT and Qx units, the final mol. Qx3c exhibits the lowest PCE of only 0.03%, which is mainly attributed to the serious phase-separation of the blend film. These results demonstrate that optimizing the substituted position of Ph side groups for A₂-A₁-D-A₁-A₂ type NFAs is vital to regulate the optoelectronic property of mol. and morphol. property of active layer for high performance P3HT-based OSCs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3Related Products of 148231-12-3).

5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging. A number of pyrazine-based derivatives were used as dyes or fluorescent probes.Related Products of 148231-12-3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Substituted pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazines was written by Kaye, Irving A.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1964.Electric Literature of C7H5N3 This article mentions the following:

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazines were prepared by condensing 2,3-diaminopyridine or 2,3,6-triaminopyridine with an α-diketone or (CO₂Et)₂; Pb 6-aminopyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate was obtained by KMnO₄ oxidation of 6-amino-2,3-dimethylpyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3Electric Literature of C7H5N3).

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazinesare six-membered aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds with two nitrogen atoms at 1,4-positions. Pyrazine is a weaker base (pKb = 13.4) than pyridine (pKb = 8.8), pyrimidine (pKb = 12.7). Pyrazines are chemical compounds (technically called “methoxypyrazines”) found in grape skin and stems that are responsible for many “green” flavors in wine. Levels of pyrazines are dependent on viticultural practices, climate, and grape variety.Electric Literature of C7H5N3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Alkylamino derivatives of pyrazinamide: Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation was written by Servusova, Barbora;Paterova, Pavla;Mandikova, Jana;Kubicek, Vladimir;Kucera, Radim;Kunes, Jiri;Dolezal, Martin;Zitko, Jan. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2014.Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O This article mentions the following:

A series of pyrazinamide derivatives with alkylamino substitution was designed, synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of selected mycobacterial, bacterial and fungal strains. The target structures were prepared from the corresponding 5-chloro or 6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxamide by nucleophilic substitution of chlorine by various non-aromatic amines (alkylamines). To determine the influence of alkyl substitution, corresponding amino derivatives and compounds with phenylalkylamino substitution were prepared Some of the compounds exerted antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv significantly better than standard pyrazinamide and corresponding starting compounds Basic structure-activity relations are presented. Only weak antibacterial and no antifungal activity was detected. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Aminopyrazine-2-carboxamide (cas: 89323-09-1Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O).

5-Aminopyrazine-2-carboxamide (cas: 89323-09-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine has the elements of symmetry for the point group D2h. It has three mutually perpendicular two-fold axes. It also has three mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry. As a result, pyrazine also has a centre of symmetry. Pyrazine-based skeletons were incorporated into agents targeting a range of ailments. Many derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential cancer treatments.Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis and antithrombotic evaluation of novel dabigatran prodrugs containing a cleavable moiety with anti-platelet activity was written by Yang, Xiao-Zhi;Yang, Wen-Hui;Xu, Yun-Gen;Diao, Xiao-Juan;He, Guang-Wei;Gong, Guo-Qing. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2012.Formula: C8H12N2O This article mentions the following:

A novel series of prodrugs I(R = tBu, hexyl, pentyl, iPr, Et, Bn, Me) consisting of dabigatran and 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (HTMP) were synthesized. The pharmacol. results show that all of them possess the effect of anti-platelet aggregation induced by thrombin in vitro. Moreover, one of those compounds, I(R = hexyl) (ED₅₀ = 2.1 ± 1.3 mg/kg) shows more potent activity for inhibiting thrombosis in vivo than that of dabigatran etexilate (ED₅₀ = 4.4 ± 2.2 mg/kg). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3Formula: C8H12N2O).

(3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine derivatives have antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous and diuretic effects as well as kinase, enzymatic and potent tubulin and FtsZ polymerization inhibitory activities. A number of pyrazine-based derivatives were used as dyes or fluorescent probes.Formula: C8H12N2O

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation against MRSA and molecular docking studies of novel pleuromutilin derivatives bearing 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole linker was written by Liu, Jie;Zhang, Guang-Yu;Zhang, Zhe;Li, Bo;Chai, Fei;Wang, Qi;Zhou, Zi-Dan;Xu, Ling-Ling;Wang, Shou-Kai;Jin, Zhen;Tang, You-Zhi. And the article was included in Bioorganic Chemistry in 2021.Safety of Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

A class of pleuromutilin derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole were designed and synthesized as potential antibacterial agents against Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The ultrasound-assisted reaction was proposed as a green chem. method to synthesize 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives Among these pleuromutilin derivatives, compound 133 (I) was found to be the strongest antibacterial derivative against MRSA (MIC = 0.125μg/mL). Furthermore, the result of the time-kill curves displayed that compound 133 could inhibit the growth of MRSA in vitro quickly (-4.36 log10 CFU/mL reduction). Then, compound 133 (-1.82 log₁₀ CFU/mL) displayed superior in vivo antibacterial efficacy than tiamulin (-0.82 log₁₀ CFU/mL) in reducing MRSA load in mice thigh model. Besides, compound 133 exhibited low cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. Mol. docking studies revealed that compound 133 was successfully localized in the binding pocket of 50S ribosomal subunit (ΔG_b = -10.50 kcal/mol). The results indicated that these pleuromutilin derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole might be further developed into novel antibiotics against MRSA. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1Safety of Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate).

Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazines are volatile compounds that are used in the cosmetic, food, flavor, and fragrance industries. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Safety of Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis and characterization of Ligustrazine-piperazidine derivatives was written by Xue, Peng;Lv, Guo-kai;Cheng, Xian-chao;Liu, Xin-yong. And the article was included in Huaxue Shiji in 2006.Related Products of 75907-74-3 This article mentions the following:

Four Ligustrazine-piperazidine derivatives were synthesized from Ligustrazine hydrate, followed by oxidation, acylation, hydrolysis, halogenation, and alkylation, their chem. structures were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and MS. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3Related Products of 75907-74-3).

(3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine is an N-heterocyclic moiety, and it can be easily prepared from ethylenediamine and 1,2-diketone, α-hydroxyketone, α-methyl ketone. A number of pyrazine-based derivatives were used as dyes or fluorescent probes.Related Products of 75907-74-3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis, oxidation potential and anti-mycobacterial activity of isoniazid and analogues: insights into the molecular isoniazid activation mechanism was written by Laborde, Julie;Deraeve, Celine;Lecoq, Lea;Sournia-Saquet, Alix;Stigliani, Jean-Luc;Orena, Beatrice S.;Mori, Giorgia;Pratviel, Genevieve;Bernardes-Genisson, Vania. And the article was included in ChemistrySelect in 2016.Category: pyrazines This article mentions the following:

In this work, a series of 21 INH analogs e.g., pyridine-2-carbohydrazide was synthesized, their oxidation potentials were determined and their anti-mycobacterial activities were evaluated against MTB wild-type and resistant strains. On the contrary to what was postulated, no correlation exists between the easier oxidation of a mol. and its anti-MTB activity toward resistant strains. Based on exptl. data and theor. calculations, an activation mechanism for INH and analogs has been proposed, based on a one-electron oxidation step. It first involves the oxidation of hydrazyl function at the proximal nitrogen followed by a radical transposition to the distal nitrogen, which then induces a β-homolytic cleavage of the C(=O)-N bond to afford diazene and the isonicotinoyl radical species. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1Category: pyrazines).

Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazines are volatile compounds that are used in the cosmetic, food, flavor, and fragrance industries. A number of pyrazine-based derivatives were used as dyes or fluorescent probes.Category: pyrazines

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis of 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine grafted by polyethylene glycol was written by Xia, Cheng-jian;Wang, Song;Zhu, He-sun. And the article was included in Jingxi Huagong in 2004.Name: (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Polyethylene glycol grafted 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine is prepared in 69% yield by condensation of polyethylene glycol dicarboxylic acid and 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine with dicydohexylcarbodiimide (DCCI) as condensating agent. The product is characterized by m.p., FTIR and ₁HNMR; m. p. 45 âˆ?48 °C; IR absorption 1747 cm^-1 (C = O), 1254 cm^-1 (C-O-C); ¹HNMR âˆ?= 1.9 (-CH₃, 3H, s), 2.2 (-CH₃, 6H, s), 4.2 (CH₂-, 2H, s), 3.6 (-OCH₂-, multi-H, s). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3Name: (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol).

(3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol (cas: 75907-74-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine is an N-heterocyclic moiety, and it can be easily prepared from ethylenediamine and 1,2-diketone, α-hydroxyketone, α-methyl ketone. Pyrazines undergo nearly all of the same reactions as pyrimidines, from nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) to palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions.Name: (3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanol

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations of isoniazide and its analogs with ds.DNA at physiological pH: Evaluation of biological activities was written by Arshad, Nasima;Yunus, Uzma;Razzque, Shumaila;Khan, Maliha;Saleem, Samreen;Mirza, Bushra;Rashid, Naghmana. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2012.Formula: C7H8N2O2 This article mentions the following:

Interaction and binding of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and its two analogs; pyrazine carboxylic acid hydrazide (PCH) and 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid hydrazide (2,4-DHBAH) with DNA has been investigated by UV-spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) at physiol. conditions of pH and temperature Exptl. results from both techniques were in good agreement and indicated stronger binding and formation of hydrazides-DNA complexes via intercalation. Among three hydrazides, 2,4-DHBAH showed greater interaction toward DNA at stomach pH (4.7) as evident from its comparatively greater binding constant, {K_b; 2.02 × 10⁴ M^-1 (UV), 3.13 × 10⁴ M^-1 (CV)}. The greater binding site size (n = 3) for 2,4-DHBAH at stomach pH inferred 3:1 binding stoichiometry and possibility of electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonding along with intercalative mode of interaction between 2,4-DHBAH and DNA. The free energies of hydrazides-DNA complexes indicated the spontaneity of their binding. 2,4-DHBAH has shown promising anti-bacterial activities while anti-oxidant and cytotoxic potentials were exhibited by all three hydrazides. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1Formula: C7H8N2O2).

Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazines are volatile compounds that are used in the cosmetic, food, flavor, and fragrance industries. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Formula: C7H8N2O2

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Infrared spectra and intensity enhancements in solutions of hydrogen halides in liquid xenon was written by Goldring, H.;Kwok, J.;Robinson, G. W.. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical Physics in 1965.Recommanded Product: 322-46-3 This article mentions the following:

The intensities and shapes of the vibrational fundamental bands of HCl, HBr, and HI dissolved in liquid Xe at 165°K. are examined While no rotational fine structure was observed, rotational branch maximum were exhibited in all 3 cases. The spectra of the dissolved mols. are different from those of the gaseous mol. in that they exhibit a strong Q branch and probably also O and S branches. This observation should be compared with spectra of H halides in dense gases where a Q branch is prominent, and with spectra of such mols. in solid rare gases where ordinarily a strong Q branch is not produced. The extended selection rules in the liquid are probably caused by anisotropic fields which are capable of mixing J states. In this sense, the rotational motions of the H halides in liquid Xe are not free. The large intensity enhancements, 2.8 for HCl, 3.1 for HBr, and 44 for HI, are inadequately explained on the basis of dielec. polarization effects. Nuclear distortion effects on the intensity enhancements are negligible. Electronic distortion effects must account for the enhancement. A semiquant. description based on the lowering of ionic states of the H halides in the presence of the dielec. medium indicates that for each of the halides studied �/16 of an electron moves from the proton to the halogen when the mol. is dissolved. This is sufficient electronic distortion to account for the intensity enhancement in all 3 mols. This increased ionicity should be manifested not only in ir intensity enhancements but also in permanent dipole moment corrections for dissolved polar mols. The permanent moment corrections may exceed those given by the Onsager dielec. theory. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3Recommanded Product: 322-46-3).

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine has the elements of symmetry for the point group D2h. It has three mutually perpendicular two-fold axes. It also has three mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry. As a result, pyrazine also has a centre of symmetry. Substituted pyrazines have been found as subunits of multiple synthetically constructed therapeutic agents, as well as several natural products.Recommanded Product: 322-46-3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem