Category: 98-97-5

Cox, B; Duffy, J; Zdorichenko, V; Bellanger, C; Hurcum, J; Laleu, B; Booker-Milburn, KI; Elliott, LD; Robertson-Ralph, M; Swain, CJ; Bishop, SJ; Hallyburton, I; Anderson, M in [Duffy, James; Laleu, Benoit] Med Malaria Venture, CH-1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland; [Cox, Brian; Zdorichenko, Victor; Bellanger, Corentin; Bishop, Stephen J.] Univ Sussex, Photodivers Ltd, Sch Life Sci, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E Sussex, England; [Hurcum, Jessica] Univ Sussex, Sch Life Sci, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E Sussex, England; [Booker-Milburn, Kevin, I; Elliott, Luke D.] Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England; [Booker-Milburn, Kevin, I; Robertson-Ralph, Michael] Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Photodivers Ltd, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England; [Swain, Christopher J.] Cambridge MedChem Consulting, Cambridge CB22 4RN, England; [Hallyburton, Irene; Anderson, Mark] Univ Dundee, Wellcome Ctr Antiinfect Res, Drug Discovery Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland published Escaping from Flatland: Antimalarial Activity of sp(3)-Rich Bridged Pyrrolidine Derivatives in 2020, Cited 18. Safety of Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5.

We utilized synthetic photochemistry to generate novel sp 3 -rich scaffolds and report the design, synthesis, and biological testing of a diverse series of amides based on the 1-(amino-methyl)-2-benzyl-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane scaffold. Preliminary antimalarial screening of the library provided promising compounds with activity in the 1-5 mu M range with an enhanced hit rate. Further evaluation (solubility, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), and toxicity) of a selected compound (9) suggested that this series represents an excellent opportunity for further optimization with the framework offering multiple opportunities for the addition of uniquely vectorally positioned extra functionality.

About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Cox, B; Duffy, J; Zdorichenko, V; Bellanger, C; Hurcum, J; Laleu, B; Booker-Milburn, KI; Elliott, LD; Robertson-Ralph, M; Swain, CJ; Bishop, SJ; Hallyburton, I; Anderson, M or concate me.. Safety of Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Ragunathan, P; Cole, M; Latka, C; Aragaw, WW; Hegde, P; Shin, J; Manimekalai, MSS; Rishikesan, S; Aldrich, CC; Dick, T; Gruber, G in [Ragunathan, Priya; Latka, Chitra; Shin, Joon; Manimekalai, Malathy Sony Subramanian; Rishikesan, Sankaranarayanan; Gruber, Gerhard] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Singapore 637551, Singapore; [Cole, Malcolm; Hegde, Pooja; Aldrich, Courtney C.] Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA; [Aragaw, Wassihun Wedajo; Dick, Thomas] Hackensack Meridian Hlth, Ctr Discovery & Innovat, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA; [Dick, Thomas] Hackensack Meridian Sch Med, Dept Med Sci, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA; [Dick, Thomas] Georgetown Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Washington, DC 20007 USA published Mycobacterium tuberculosis PanD Structure-Function Analysis and Identification of a Potent Pyrazinoic Acid-Derived Enzyme Inhibitor in 2021, Cited 28. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5.

A common strategy employed in antibacterial drug discovery is the targeting of biosynthetic processes that are essential and specific for the pathogen. Specificity in particular avoids undesirable interactions with potential enzymatic counterparts in the human host, and it ensures ontarget toxicity. Synthesis of pantothenate (Vitamine B5), which is a precursor of the acyl carrier coenzyme A, is an example of such a pathway. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), pantothenate is formed by pantothenate synthase, utilizing D-pantoate and beta-Ala as substrates. beta-Ala is mainly formed by the decarboxylation of L-aspartate, generated by the decarboxylase PanD, which is a homo-oliogomer in solution. Pyrazinoic acid (POA), which is the bioactive form of the TB prodrug pyrazinamide, binds and inhibits PanD activity weakly. Here, we generated a library of recombinant Mtb PanD mutants based on structural information and PZA/POA resistance mutants. Alterations in oligomer formation, enzyme activity, and/or POA binding were observed in respective mutants, providing insights into essential amino acids for Mtb PanD’s proper structural assembly, decarboxylation activity and drug interaction. This information provided the platform for the design of novel POA analogues with modifications at position 3 of the pyrazine ring. Analogue 2, which incorporates a bulky naphthamido group at this position, displayed a 1000-fold increase in enzyme inhibition, compared to POA, along with moderately improved antimycobacterial activity. The data demonstrate that an improved understanding of mechanistic and enzymatic features of key metabolic enzymes can stimulate design of more-potent PanD inhibitors.

About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Ragunathan, P; Cole, M; Latka, C; Aragaw, WW; Hegde, P; Shin, J; Manimekalai, MSS; Rishikesan, S; Aldrich, CC; Dick, T; Gruber, G or concate me.. Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

An article A structural and thermodynamic study of the complexes of U(vi) with azinecarboxylates WOS:000454920800018 published article about AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; EQUILIBRIUM-CONSTANTS; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; URANIUM(VI); CRYSTAL; ION; CHEMISTRY; LIGAND in [Lv, Lina; Chen, Baihua; Liu, Jun; Yang, Yanqiu] China Acad Engn Phys, Inst Nucl Phys & Chem, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, Peoples R China; [Chen, Jing; Xu, Chao] Tsinghua Univ, Inst Nucl & New Energy Technol, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 42. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5. Recommanded Product: 98-97-5

Complexation of U(vi) with pyridazine-3-carboxylate (PDZ) and pyrazine-2-carboxylate (PAZ) was studied by spectrophotometry, potentiometry and microcalorimetry in 1.0 mol dm(-3) NaClO4. Three complexes, [UO2L](+), UO2L2(aq) and [UO2L3](-), were identified and their stability constants (log) and the corresponding formation enthalpies were determined. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the formation of the three complexes is endothermic and driven exclusively by entropy. H-1 and C-13-NMR data provide insight into the coordination modes of the complexes which corroborate with the thermodynamic data. Ligands chelate to U(vi) via (2)(N,O) coordination mode in complexes [UO2L](+) and UO2L2(aq). The crystal structures of four U(vi) complexes, [(UO2)(PAZ)(2)(H2O)]H2O(i), [(UO2)(PDZ)(2)(H2O)](ii), [(UO2)(PDZ)(3)Na2ClO4]2H(2)O(iii), and [(UO2)(2)(PDZ)(4)(H2O)(2)]2H(2)O(iv), were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with the U(vi) complex with picolinate (PA) (CH6N3)[UO2(PA)(3)] in the literature. The structure data suggest that the carboxylates coordinate with uranium in O?C-O-U mode. The strengths of the U-O-C-C-N chelate cycles in the U(vi)/L complexes decrease with the trend of PA > PDZ > PAZ, which is in great agreement with the trend of thermodynamic parameters in aqueous solutions. It is interesting that in compound II two PDZ molecules coordinate with U(vi) in cis-planar positions via (2)(N,O) mode, but in other metal complexes of the three ligands having the same (2)(N,O) coordination mode the two ligand molecules are all in trans-arrangement. In the dimeric complex IV, one ligand coordinate with U(vi) in (2)(N,O) mode, while the other does it in (2)-L-(2)(O:O) mode respectively.

Recommanded Product: 98-97-5. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Lv, LN; Chen, BH; Liu, J; Chen, J; Xu, C; Yang, YQ or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Recently I am researching about ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS; POSTCONDENSATION MODIFICATIONS; BUILDING-BLOCKS; SOLID-STATE; ISOCYANIDE; HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE; CHEMISTRY; AMMONIA; MECHANISM, Saw an article supported by the CNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ); CAPESCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES); FAP-DFFundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF); Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Brasilia. Published in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH in WEINHEIM ,Authors: Rosalba, TPF; Kas, SSA; Sampaio, ABS; Salvador, CEM; Andrade, CKZ. The CAS is 98-97-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Recommanded Product: 98-97-5

Ugi reactions are still a challenge when the concomitant use of ammonia and formaldehyde is required. Herein, we propose a strategy to overcome this challenge using hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a singular key for the employment of these two simple starting materials in the Ugi reaction. Acylaminoacetamide derivatives were prepared in good to excellent yields by this new methodology. The scope and optimization of the reaction conditions were investigated. This novel methodology was successfully applied in the synthesis of two different diketopiperazines (DKPs) using the Ugi/Deprotection+Activation/Cyclization (UDAC) method. A continuous flow approach was also used in this methodology.

Recommanded Product: 98-97-5. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Rosalba, TPF; Kas, SSA; Sampaio, ABS; Salvador, CEM; Andrade, CKZ or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Recently I am researching about NONCOVALENT; APOPTOSIS; PATHWAY; POTENT, Saw an article supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [81872731, 21977006, 21807006]. Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Published in ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER in ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX ,Authors: Sun, Q; Zhou, TL; Xi, DD; Li, XN; Lu, ZR; Xu, FR; Wang, C; Niu, Y; Xu, P. The CAS is 98-97-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid

A series of tripeptidic proteasome inhibitors with furylketone as C-terminus were designed and synthesized. Biochemical evaluations against beta 1, beta 2 and beta 5 subunits revealed that they acted selectively on beta 5 subunit with IC(50)s against chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity in micromolar range. LC-MS/MS analysis of the ligand-20S proteasome mixture showed that the most potent compound 11m (IC50 = 0.18 mu M) made no covalent modification on 20S proteasome. However, it was identified acting in a slowly reversible manner in wash-out assay and the reversibility was much lower than that of MG132, suggesting the possibility of these tripeptidic furylketones forming reversible covalent bonds with 20S proteasome. Several compounds were selected for anti-proliferative assay towards multiple cancer cell lines, and compound 11m displayed comparable potency to positive control (MG132) in all cell lines tested. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic (PK) data in rats indicated 11m behaved similarly (C-max, 2007 mu g/L; AUC(0-t), 680 mu g/L.h; V-ss, 0.66 L/kg) to the clinical used agent carfilzomib. All these data suggest 11m is a good lead compound to be developed to novel anti-tumor agent. (c) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Sun, Q; Zhou, TL; Xi, DD; Li, XN; Lu, ZR; Xu, FR; Wang, C; Niu, Y; Xu, P or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

An article Synthesis of pyrazinamide analogues and their antitubercular bioactivity WOS:000572339800002 published article about ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL EVALUATION; ONE-POT; ESTERIFICATION; ESTERS; AMIDES; AMINES in [Wati, First A.; Adyarini, Prisna U.; Fatmawati, Sri; Santoso, Mardi] Inst Teknol Sepuluh Nopember, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia in 2020, Cited 24. Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5

The Yamaguchi reaction is widely and generally applied to synthesize esters and lactones. It involves 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride as the Yamaguchi reagent, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and triethylamine. Pyrazinamide is a crucial first-line drug for tuberculosis treatment, therefore their analogues are interesting in organic synthesis. In general, the synthesis pyrazinamide analogues involve reaction of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride to yield the corresponding acyl chlorides, which on treatment with amines gave pyrazine-2-carboxamides. However, thionyl chloride is listed under the Chemical Weapons Convention and releases toxic sulfur oxide when react with carboxylic acid. We successfully synthesized series of pyrazinamide analogues using the Yamaguchi reaction. The synthesis involved reaction of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid with various aliphatic and aromatic amines in the presence of Yamaguchi reagent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The yield of the pyrazine-2-carboxamides and the reaction time depended on the type of the amine (aliphatic vs aromatic), substitution pattern, and number of substituents on the aromatic amines.N-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamides can be prepared by this method in 81% yield;N-(2-ethylhexyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide andN-(4-fluorobenzyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide showed the best activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv (<6.25 mu g/mL). This result could lead to find more active pyrazinamide analogues. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Wati, FA; Adyarini, PU; Fatmawati, S; Santoso, M or concate me.. Recommanded Product: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

SDS of cas: 98-97-5. Authors Dumpala, RMR; Das, SK; Ali, M; Boda, A; Kumar, P; Rawat, N; Kumar, A; Ali, SM in PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD published article about in [Dumpala, Rama Mohana Rao; Rawat, Neetika] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Radiochem Div, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; [Das, Sourav Kumar; Ali, Manjoor; Kumar, Amit] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Radiat Biol & Hlth Sci Div, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; [Boda, Anil; Ali, Sk Musharaf] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Chem Engn Div, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India; [Kumar, Pranaw] Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Fuel Chem Div, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India in 2021, Cited 78. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5

Thorium (Th) exposure to the human beings is a radiochemical hazard and the chelation therapy by suitable drugs is the major prevention approach to deal with. The present studies aimed at usage of pyrazinoic acid (PCA), which is a prodrug to treat tuberculosis, for its usage as decorporating agent for thorium from human body. The present studies provide a comprehensive knowledge on the chemical interaction and biological efficacy of pyrazinoic acid (PCA) for decorporation of Thorium from the human body. The thermodynamic parameters for Th-PCA speciation are determined by both experiment and theory. The potentiometric data analysis and Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) studies revealed the formation of MLi (i = 1-4) species with the decrease in stepwise stability constants. All the species formations are endothermic reactions and are predominantly entropy-driven. Biological experiments using human erythrocytes, whole blood and normal human lung cells showed cytocompatibility and decorporation ability of PCA for Thorium. Density functional calculations have been carried out to get insights on interaction process at molecular level. The experimental results and theoretical predictions found to be in line with each other. Present findings on complexation of Th by PCA and its evaluation in human cells and blood would further motivate determination of its safety levels and decorporation efficacy in animal models. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDS of cas: 98-97-5. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Dumpala, RMR; Das, SK; Ali, M; Boda, A; Kumar, P; Rawat, N; Kumar, A; Ali, SM or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

An article A Stable Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Framework as Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Oxidation of Alcohols WOS:000465188700026 published article about AEROBIC OXIDATION; COORDINATION POLYMER; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; FENTON DEGRADATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; WATER in [Li, Dandan; Xu, Qiaofei; Li, Yingguang; Qiu, Yueting; Ma, Pengtao; Niu, Jingyang; Wang, Jingping] Henan Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Inst Mol & Crystal Engn, Henan Key Lab Polyoxometalate Chem, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 54. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5. HPLC of Formula: C5H4N2O2

A novel copper-containing 3D polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF), H[(Cu5CuII)-Cu-I(pzc)(2)(pz)(4.5){P2W18O62}]center dot 6H(2)O (HENU-1, HENU = Henan University; Hpzc = pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, pz = pyrazine), was successfully isolated by a one-step hydrothermal method. In this compound, the {P2W18} polyanion acts as a seven-connected linker bridging adjacent 2D double-layer networks, as well as a template to induce the formation of the desired 3D framework. Particularly, the pz ligands are generated from pzc ligands in situ during the reaction process. HENU-1 exhibits not only good stability in air but also tolerance to acidic and basic media. It was first employed as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol into acetophenone, which shows 97% yield using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant with a turnover frequency of up to 9690.h(-1), and was reused for at least five cycles without significant catalytic activity loss. No POM leaching or framework decomposition was observed in our study.

About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Li, DD; Xu, QF; Li, YG; Qiu, YT; Ma, PT; Niu, JY; Wang, JP or concate me.. HPLC of Formula: C5H4N2O2

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Name: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Opie, CR; Noda, H; Shibasaki, M; Kumagai, N in [Opie, Christopher R.; Noda, Hidetoshi; Shibasaki, Masakatsu; Kumagai, Naoya] Inst Microbial Chem BIKAKEN, Shinagawa Ku, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Tokyo 1410021, Japan published All Non-Carbon B3NO2 Exotic Heterocycles: Synthesis, Dynamics, and Catalysis in 2019, Cited 63. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5.

The B3NO2 six-membered heterocycle (1,3-dioxa-5-aza-2,4,6-triborinane = DATB), comprising three different non-carbon period 2 elements, has been recently demonstrated to be a powerful catalyst for dehydrative condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. The tedious synthesis of DATB, however, has significantly diminished its utility as a catalyst, and thus the inherent chemical properties of the ring system have remained virtually unexplored. Here, a general and facile synthetic strategy that harnesses a pyrimidine-containing scaffold for the reliable installation of boron atoms is disclosed, giving rise to a series of Pym-DATBs from inexpensive materials in a modular fashion. The identification of a soluble Pym-DATB derivative allowed for the investigation of the dynamic nature of the B3NO2 ring system, revealing differential ring-closing and -opening behaviors depending on the medium. Readily accessible Pym-DATBs proved their utility as efficient catalysts for dehydrative amidation with broad substrate scope and functional-group tolerance, offering a general and practical catalytic alternative to reagent-driven amidation.

Name: Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Opie, CR; Noda, H; Shibasaki, M; Kumagai, N or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

An article Pyrazinamide resistance and mutations in pncA among isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan WOS:000458381700012 published article about DRUG-RESISTANCE; GENE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PREVALENCE; RPSA in [Khan, Muhammad Tahir; Malik, Shaukat Iqbal] Capital Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bioinformat & Biosci, Islamabad Expressway,Kahuta Rd,Zone 5, Islamabad, Pakistan; [Ali, Sajid] Quaid E Azam Univ Islamabad & Prov TB Reference, Dept Microbiol, Lab Hayatabad Med Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan; [Masood, Nayyer; Afzal, Muhammad Tanvir] Capital Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Comp Sci, Islamabad, Pakistan; [Nadeem, Tariq] Univ Punjab, Natl Ctr Excellence Mol Biol, Lahore, Pakistan; [Khan, Anwar Sheed] Khyber Med Univ, Inst Basic Med Sci, Peshawar, Pakistan; [Khan, Anwar Sheed] Prov TB Control Lab, Hayatabad Med Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan in 2019, Cited 39. The Name is Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-97-5. SDS of cas: 98-97-5

BackgroundPyrazinamide (PZA) is an important component of first-line drugs because of its distinctive capability to kill subpopulations of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The prodrug (PZA) is converted to its active form, pyrazinoic acid (POA) by MTB pncA-encoded pyrazinamidase (PZase). Mutation in pncA is the most common and primary cause of PZA resistance. The aim of the present study was to explore the molecular characterization of PZA resistance in a Pashtun-dominated region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.MethodsWe performed drug susceptibility testing (DST) on 753 culture-positive isolates collected from the Provincial Tuberculosis Control Program Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using the BACTEC MGIT 960 PZA method. In addition, the pncA gene was sequenced in PZA-resistant isolates, and PZA susceptibility testing results were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of pncA gene mutations.ResultsA total of 69 isolates were PZA resistant (14.8%). Mutations were investigated in 69 resistant, 26 susceptible and one H37Rv isolates by sequencing. Thirty-six different mutations were identified in PZA-resistant isolates, with fifteen mutations, including 194_203delCCTCGTCGTG and 317_318delTC, that have not been reported in TBDRM and GMTV Databases and previous studies. Mutations Lys96Thr and Ser179Gly were found in the maximum number of isolates (n=4 each). We did not detect mutations in sensitive isolates, except for the synonymous mutation 195C>T (Ser65Ser). The sensitivity and specificity of the pncA sequencing method were 79.31% (95% CI, 69.29 to 87.25%) and 86.67% (95% CI, 69.28 to 96.24%).ConclusionMutations in the pncA gene in circulating isolates of geographically distinct regions, especially in high-burden countries, should be investigated for better control and management of drug-resistant TB. Molecular methods for the investigation of PZA resistance are better than DST.

SDS of cas: 98-97-5. About Pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid, If you have any questions, you can contact Khan, MT; Malik, SI; Ali, S; Masood, N; Nadeem, T; Khan, AS; Afzal, MT or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Chevron Research Company; US4732894; (1988); A;,
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem