Month: January 2023

Molecular engineering of quinoxaline-based organic sensitizers for highly efficient and stable dye-sensitized solar cells was written by Lu, Xuefeng;Feng, Quanyou;Lan, Tian;Zhou, Gang;Wang, Zhong-Sheng. And the article was included in Chemistry of Materials in 2012.Product Details of 148231-12-3 This article mentions the following:

A series of quinoxaline based metal-free organic sensitizers has been designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The absorption, electrochem., and photovoltaic properties for all sensitizers have been systematically investigated. It is found that the incorporation of quinoxaline unit instead of thienopyrazine unit results in a neg. shift of the LUMO levels for FNE44, FNE45, FNE46, and FNE47, in comparison to FNE32, which induces a remarkable enhancement of the electron injection driving force from the excited organic sensitizers to the TiO₂ semiconductor. Moreover, when the alkyl substituents are removed from the spacer part in FNE44 to the donor part in FNE45 and FNE46, a more conjugated system and a bathochromically shifted maximum absorption band can be realized, which consequently results in an increased light harvesting efficiency and photogenerated current. In addition, the length of the alkyl substituents on the donor part has a certain influence on the DSSC performance. Combining the three contributions, FNE46-based DSSC with liquid electrolyte displays the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 8.27%. Most importantly, a η of 7.14% has been achieved for FNE46 based quasi-solid-state DSSC and remained at 100% of the initial value after continuous light soaking for 1000 h, which indicates that FNE46 is appropriate for promising com. application. Our findings will facilitate the understanding of the crucial importance of mol. engineering and pave a new path to design novel metal-free organic dyes for highly efficient and stable DSSCs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3Product Details of 148231-12-3).

5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine derivatives have antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous and diuretic effects as well as kinase, enzymatic and potent tubulin and FtsZ polymerization inhibitory activities. Pyrazine and a variety of alkylpyrazines are flavor and aroma compounds found in baked and roasted goods. Tetramethylpyrazine (also known as ligustrazine) is reported to scavenge superoxide anion and decrease nitric oxide production in human Granulocytes.Product Details of 148231-12-3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Homolytic alkoxycarbonylation reactions in two-phase systems. Part II. Studies on the ethoxycarbonylation of some selected π-deficient N-heteroaromatic systems was written by Heinisch, Gottfried;Loetsch, Gerhard. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 1986.Related Products of 6924-68-1 This article mentions the following:

Qadical substitution of pyridine, 4-methylpyridine (I; R = H) and pyrazine (II; R = H) with EtO₂C• generated from AcCO₂Et and H₂O₂ in an aqueous system gave less than 30% conversion, little selectivity, and significant quantities of disubstitution products. However, in a two-phase system prepared by adding CH₂Cl₂, I and II (R = H) gave single monosubstitution products, I and II (R = CO₂Et) in 53 and 89% yields, resp. With pyridine and quinoline, the two phase system increases conversion to over 90% but disubstitution products continued to dominate. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1Related Products of 6924-68-1).

Ethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 6924-68-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine is an N-heterocyclic moiety, and it can be easily prepared from ethylenediamine and 1,2-diketone, α-hydroxyketone, α-methyl ketone. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Related Products of 6924-68-1

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis of compounds of pyridopyrazinedione/imidazole was written by Xia, Yong-gen;Lu, Ming. And the article was included in Jingxi Huagong Zhongjianti in 2014.Electric Literature of C7H5N3 This article mentions the following:

Several pyridopyrazinedione, pyridinoimidazole and pyridodiimidazole compounds were synthesized from 2,3-diaminopyridine and 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine hydrochloride, and the reaction conditions were investigated. NH₄Cl-CH₃OH system has significant catalytic effects on synthesis of 2,3-dimethypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine and 2,3-diethypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine. Replacement of glyoxal with 4,5-dihydroxy-imidazolidin-2-one increased the product yield by its reaction with 2,3-diaminopyridine. Phosphomolybdic acid was a preferred catalyst for the preparation of pyridinoimidazole and 2-Me pyridinoimidazole. Likewise, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine hydrochloride was reacted with tri-Et orthoformate and tri-Me orthoacetate under catalysis of phosphomolybdic acid gave 2,6-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-b:5,6-b’]diimidazole and 2,6-dimethy-pyrido [2,3-b:5,6-b’]diimidazole in yield of 68.7% and 66.5%, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3Electric Literature of C7H5N3).

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine derivatives have antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous and diuretic effects as well as kinase, enzymatic and potent tubulin and FtsZ polymerization inhibitory activities. Pyrazine and a variety of alkylpyrazines are flavor and aroma compounds found in baked and roasted goods. Tetramethylpyrazine (also known as ligustrazine) is reported to scavenge superoxide anion and decrease nitric oxide production in human Granulocytes.Electric Literature of C7H5N3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Fluorescent properties of aromatic complexes with rare earths and other Group IIIB elements was written by Kallistratos, George;Kallistratos, U.;Muendner, H.. And the article was included in Chimika Chronika in 1982.Synthetic Route of C7H5N3 This article mentions the following:

A number of aromatic complexes with rare earths and other elements of Group IIIa of the periodical system were synthesized. Many of these complexes exhibit a strong monochromatic fluorescence when excited with UV light. The formation of complexes is indicated through their physicochem. properties. Three mechanisms which could be responsible for the enhancement of the fluorescence were investigated. The complexes reported possess very important phys., chem. and biol. properties which could be applied in several fields of science. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3Synthetic Route of C7H5N3).

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazines are volatile compounds that are used in the cosmetic, food, flavor, and fragrance industries. Pyrazine and a variety of alkylpyrazines are flavor and aroma compounds found in baked and roasted goods. Tetramethylpyrazine (also known as ligustrazine) is reported to scavenge superoxide anion and decrease nitric oxide production in human Granulocytes.Synthetic Route of C7H5N3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Selective reductive cross-coupling of N-heteroarenes by an unsymmetrical PNP-ligated manganese catalyst was written by Tan, Zhenda;Xiong, Biao;Yang, Jian;Ci, Chenggang;Jiang, Huanfeng;Zhang, Min. And the article was included in Journal of Catalysis in 2020.Electric Literature of C7H5N3 This article mentions the following:

Herein, by developing an unprecedented manganese catalyst ligating with an unsym. 2-aminotetrahydronaphthyridyl PNP-ligands e.g., I, a new reductive cross-coupling of indoles II (R = H, 5-MeO, 7-Me, 2,5-di-Me, etc.)/1H-pyrrole, 2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole and N-heteroarenes III (R¹ = H, 2,3-di-Me, 4-chlorophenyl, thiophen-2-yl, etc.; X = CH, N) was achieved. Mechanistic investigations show that the catalyst-enabled in situ capture of the partially reduced intermediates by interruption of the second transfer hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes constitutes the key to success for the present reaction. The developed chem. proceeds with good substrate and functional group compatibility, high step and atom efficiency, and excellent chemo and regioselectivity, and is applicable for late-stage modification of pyridine-containing biomedical mols., which has established a new platform allowing the linkage of aromatic systems into functional frameworks, and further development of unsym. PNP organometallic complexes and related catalytic transformations. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3Electric Literature of C7H5N3).

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (cas: 322-46-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine is a symmetrical molecule with point group D2h. Pyrazine is less basic than pyridine, pyridazine and pyrimidine. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Electric Literature of C7H5N3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

The preparation of 2-amino-5-pyrazinecarboxylic acid and its derivatives was written by Felder, E.;Pitre, D.;Grabitz, E. B.. And the article was included in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 1964.Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O This article mentions the following:

2-Acetamidoquinoxazoline was treated with KMnO₄ in small portions over 1 hr. at 90-5° to give 60% mono-K salt (I) of 2-acetamidopyrazine-5,6-dicarboxylic acid, m. 293° (decomposition). I (1 g.) refluxed 0.5 hr. in 35 ml. H₂O with 5 ml. N HCl gave 0.7 g. 2-aminopyrazine-5,6-dicarboxylic acid, m. 262° (decomposition), which, heated in H₂O 12 min. at 170-5°, gave 77% 2-aminopyrazine-5-carboxylic acid (II), m. 282-3° (decomposition); 70% Me ester (MeOH-HCl) m. 230-1°; Et ester m. 172-3°; amide m. 266-7°. II was treated in H₂SO₄ with NaNO₂ at 5° and the mixture heated 5 min. at 80° to give 2-hydroxypyrazine-5-carboxylic acid, m. 300°. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Aminopyrazine-2-carboxamide (cas: 89323-09-1Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O).

5-Aminopyrazine-2-carboxamide (cas: 89323-09-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine derivatives have antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous and diuretic effects as well as kinase, enzymatic and potent tubulin and FtsZ polymerization inhibitory activities. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Synthetic Route of C5H6N4O

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Linear Conjugated Polymers for Solar-Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production: The Importance of Catalyst Stability was written by Liu, Lunjie;Gao, Mei-Yan;Yang, Haofan;Wang, Xiaoyan;Li, Xiaobo;Cooper, Andrew I.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2021.Computed Properties of C8H4Br2N2 This article mentions the following:

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the most important industrial oxidants. In principle, photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from oxygen and H₂O using sunlight could provide a cleaner alternative route to the current anthraquinone process. Recently, conjugated organic materials have been studied as photocatalysts for solar fuels synthesis because they offer synthetic tunability over a large chem. space. Here, we used high-throughput experiments to discover a linear conjugated polymer, poly(3-4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)pyridine (DE7), which exhibits efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production from H₂O and O₂ under visible light illumination for periods of up to 10 h or so. The apparent quantum yield was 8.7% at 420 nm. Mechanistic investigations showed that the H₂O₂ was produced via the photoinduced stepwise reduction of O₂. At longer photolysis times, however, this catalyst decomposed, suggesting a need to focus the photostability of organic photocatalysts, as well as the initial catalytic production rates. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3Computed Properties of C8H4Br2N2).

5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazines are volatile compounds that are used in the cosmetic, food, flavor, and fragrance industries. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging.Computed Properties of C8H4Br2N2

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Preparation of poly(quinoxaline-5,8-diyl) derivatives by using zero-valent nickel complexes. Electrical and optical properties and light-emitting diodes was written by Kanbara, T.;Inoue, T.;Sugiyama, K.;Yamamoto, T.. And the article was included in Synthetic Metals in 1995.Application In Synthesis of 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline This article mentions the following:

Dehalogenation polycondensation of 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline derivatives affords π-conjugated poly(quinoxaline-5,8-diyl) derivatives having high electron-accepting properties, and the polymers are easily converted into elec. conducting materials on chem. and electrochem. reductions The polymers having aromatic substituents show strong fluorescence and are useful materials to make light-emitting diodes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3Application In Synthesis of 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline).

5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine heterocycles and their benzo derivatives possess many interesting properties, including chemical reactivity profiles, and have diverse applications in total synthesis, medicine, chemical biology, materials, dyes, and imaging. Pyrazines are chemical compounds (technically called “methoxypyrazines”) found in grape skin and stems that are responsible for many “green” flavors in wine. Levels of pyrazines are dependent on viticultural practices, climate, and grape variety.Application In Synthesis of 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel 2-Substituted Pyrazinoylguanidine Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers: Drugs for Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Bronchitis was written by Hirsh, Andrew J.;Molino, Bruce F.;Zhang, Jianzhong;Astakhova, Nadezhda;Geiss, William B.;Sargent, Bruce J.;Swenson, Brian D.;Usyatinsky, Alexander;Wyle, Michael J.;Boucher, Richard C.;Smith, Rick T.;Zamurs, Andra;Johnson, M. Ross. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2006.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

Amiloride, the prototypical epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker, has been administered with limited success as aerosol therapy for improving pulmonary function in patients with the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis. This study was conducted to synthesize and identify more potent, less reversible ENaC blockers, targeted for aerosol therapy and possessing minimal systemic renal activity. A series of novel 2-substituted acylguanidine analogs of amiloride were synthesized and evaluated for potency and reversibility on bronchial ENaC. All compounds tested were more potent and less reversible at blocking sodium-dependent short-circuit current than amiloride. Compounds I [R = NH(CH₂)₄C₆H₄O(CH₂)₂OH-4, NH(CH₂)₄C₆H₄O(CH₂)₃OH-4, NH(CH₂)₄C₆H₄OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH-4 (both R and S isomers)] showed the greatest potency on ENaC with IC₅₀ values below 10 nM. A regioselective difference in potency was found, whereas no stereospecific difference in potency on ENaC was displayed. Lead compound I [R = NH(CH₂)₄C₆H₄OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH-4 (racemic)] was 102-fold more potent and 5-fold less reversible than amiloride and displayed the lowest IC₅₀ value ever reported for an ENaC blocker. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 1458-01-1Application In Synthesis of Methyl 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate).

Methyl 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate (cas: 1458-01-1) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine is a symmetrical molecule with point group D2h. Pyrazine is less basic than pyridine, pyridazine and pyrimidine. A large number of pyrazine derivatives are known for their antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, and diuretic activities.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis, characterization and properties of aryl-fused bis-BN dihydropyrenes was written by Zhang, Jinyun;Liu, Fude;Sun, Zhe;Li, Chenglong;Zhang, Qian;Zhang, Chen;Liu, Zhiqiang;Liu, Xuguang. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2018.HPLC of Formula: 148231-12-3 This article mentions the following:

Aryl-fused bis-BN dihydropyrenes such as I were prepared from 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline (prepared in four steps from o-phenylenediamine), arylboronic acids, and PhBCl₂ using an amino-directed borylation reaction as the key step.. The UV/visible and fluorescence spectra, oxidation potentials, and optical bandgaps for four of the aryl-fused bis-BN dihydropyrenes were determined; their NICS aromaticities and the structures and energies of their HOMO and LUMO were calculated The aryl-fused bis-BN dihydropyrenes showed blue emission, and their phys. properties could be finely tuned through varying the fused aryl rings. The complexation of fluoride ion by the bis-BN dihydropyrenes was determined; the fluoride ion response depended strongly on the fused aryl rings. The structures of I and of two other aryl-fused bis-BN dihydropyrenes were determined by X-ray crystallog. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3HPLC of Formula: 148231-12-3).

5,8-Dibromoquinoxaline (cas: 148231-12-3) belongs to pyrazine derivatives. Pyrazine derivatives have antitumor, antibiotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous and diuretic effects as well as kinase, enzymatic and potent tubulin and FtsZ polymerization inhibitory activities. A number of pyrazine-based derivatives were used as dyes or fluorescent probes.HPLC of Formula: 148231-12-3

Referemce:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem