Month: March 2022

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Cyanide Toxicokinetics: The Behavior of Cyanide, Thiocyanate and 2-Amino-2-Thiazoline-4-Carboxylic Acid in Multiple Animal Models, published in 2014, which mentions a compound: 2150-55-2, mainly applied to cyanide toxicokinetics thiocyanate metabolite, Recommanded Product: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid.

Cyanide causes toxic effects by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, and can eventually lead to death. Cyanide exposure can be verified by direct anal. of cyanide concentrations or analyzing its metabolites, including thiocyanate (SCN-) and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) in blood. To determine the behavior of these markers following cyanide exposure, a toxicokinetics study was performed in three animal models: (i) rats (250-300 g), (ii) rabbits (3.5-4.2 kg) and (iii) swine (47-54 kg). Cyanide reached a maximum in blood and declined rapidly in each animal model as it was absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated. Thiocyanate concentrations rose more slowly as cyanide was enzymically converted to SCN-. Concentrations of ATCA did not rise significantly above the baseline in the rat model, but rose quickly in rabbits (up to a 40-fold increase) and swine (up to a 3-fold increase) and then fell rapidly, generally following the relative behavior of cyanide. Rats were administered cyanide s.c. and the apparent half-life (t1/2) was determined to be 1,510 min. Rabbits were administered cyanide i.v. and the t1/2 was determined to be 177 min. Swine were administered cyanide i.v. and the t1/2 was determined to be 26.9 min. The SCN- t1/2 in rats was 3,010 min, but was not calculated in rabbits and swine because SCN- concentrations did not reach a maximum The t1/2 of ATCA was 40.7 and 13.9 min in rabbits and swine, resp., while it could not be determined in rats with confidence. The current study suggests that cyanide exposure may be verified shortly after exposure by determining significantly elevated cyanide and SCN- in each animal model and ATCA may be used when the ATCA detoxification pathway is significant.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Synthetic Route of C4H6N2O2S. The protonation of heteroatoms in aromatic heterocycles can be divided into two categories: lone pairs of electrons are in the aromatic ring conjugated system; and lone pairs of electrons do not participate. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about Progress on enzymatic synthesis of L-cysteine from DL-ATC by Pseudomonas sp.. Author is Wu, Min; Chen, Wei-qing; Wang, Pu; He, Jun-yao.

A review. The microbial transformation method for L-cysteine production shows evident advantages, because of its short cycle time, low cost, high region and stereoselectivity, easy control of reaction condition, and environment-friendly. Recently, studies on the bioconversion of DL-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC) to L-cysteine by intracellular enzymes were reported. The research progresses on L-cysteine production by microbial bioconversion, especially Pseudomonas sp., or its crude enzyme extract are summarized. The applications of immobilization technol. in the biotransformation of DL-ATC to L-cysteine are introduced. The genetically engineered bacteria and the study progresses of L-cysteine desulfhydrase were also discussed.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《4,6-Dichloro- and 4,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid》. Authors are Graf, Roderich.The article about the compound:3-Chloropicolinamidecas:114080-95-4,SMILESS:O=C(N)C1=NC=CC=C1Cl).Related Products of 114080-95-4. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:114080-95-4) is conveyed.

cf. C. A. 25, 2428. Picolinic acid-HCl (200 g.) and 350 cc. SOCl2, gently boiled 10 days, give 30 g. mono-Cl acid, 100 g. di-Cl acid and 30 g. of a mixture of the di- and tri-Cl acids. That the di-Cl acid is the 4,6-Cl2 derivative is shown by the following reactions: The acid chloride and N2H4.H2O in C6H6 give sec-bis(4,6-dichloropicolinic acid) hydrazide, m. above 300°; the Me ester gives 4,6-dichloropicolinic acid hydrazide, m. 154° (benzal derivative, m. 165°); the azide m. 74° and with absolute EtOH yields 4,6-di-chloro-2-carbethoxypyridine, m. 75°; dilute AcOH gives the 2-NH2 derivative (I), m. 108°; with HI I yields a compound, m. 137°, which may be the 6-iodo-4-chloro derivative The Ac derivative of I n. 218-9°. The diazo solution from I in H2SO4 gives 4,6-dichloro-2-hydroxy-pyridine, m. 151°, and in concentrated HCl gives 2,4,6-trichloropyridine, m. 33°; this also results from 2,6-dichloro-4-aminopyridine. Heating the 4,6-Cl2 acid with 80% H2SO4 8 hrs. gives 4-chloro-6-hydroxypicolinic acid (Seyfferth, J. Chem. Soc. 67, 408(1895). 4,5,6-Trichloropicolinic acid (II), crystallizing with 1 mol. H2O, m. 123°, is obtained pure by distillation of the chloride and then of the Me ester, m. 125°; II and HI with some red P, heated 8 hrs. at 150°, give 5-chloropicolinic acid, m. 170°. The amide of II m. 169°; the Ph ester m. 138°. Heating the Me ester with HI and red P 5 hrs. gives 4-iodo-5-chloropicolinic acid, m. 159° (decomposition); refluxed with SOCl2 for 4 hrs., the I is replaced by Cl, giving 4,5-dichloropicolinic acid, crystals with 1 mol. H2O, m. 179-80° (Ost, J. prakt. Chem. 27, 274(1882)). Refluxing the Me ester with 80% H2SO4 4 hrs. gives 4,5-dichloro-6-hydroxypicolinic acid, crystallizing with 1 mol. H2O, m. 284° (decomposition). 3-Chloropicolinic acid, m. 121°; amide, m. 140°.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Safety of 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid. The protonation of heteroatoms in aromatic heterocycles can be divided into two categories: lone pairs of electrons are in the aromatic ring conjugated system; and lone pairs of electrons do not participate. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about One-step elimination of L-cysteine desulfhydrase from crude enzyme extracts of Pseudomonas sp. TS1138 using an immunomagnetic affinity matrix improves the enzymatic production of L-cysteine. Author is Yu, Yangsheng; Bai, Gang; Liu, Chunqin; Cao, Yu; Geng, Peng; Yang, Wenbo.

In this study, a high efficiency immunomagnetic affinity matrix was developed to eliminate L-cysteine desulfhydrase (CD), which decomposes L-cysteine, in crude enzyme extracts from Pseudomonas sp. TS1138. After cloning and expression in Escherichia coli, recombinant CD was purified to raise polyclonal antibodies from mice. The anti-CD antibody was cross-linked to staphylococcal protein A-magnetic cellulose microspheres (MCMS) with di-Me pimelimidate (DMP). The natural CD was eliminated from the crude enzyme extracts by treatment with the cross-linked antibody-protein A-MCMS, resulting in a high level of L-cysteine production The conversion rate of DL-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC) to L-cysteine increased significantly from 61.9 to 96.2%. The cross-linked antibody-protein A-MCMS showed its durability after repetitive use, maintaining a constant binding capacity for CD during five cycles. This study may lead to a convenient and cost-efficient method to produce L-cysteine by enzymic conversions.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Determination of 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid》. Authors are Bradham, L. S.; Catsimpoolas, Nicholas; Wood, John L..The article about the compound:2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acidcas:2150-55-2,SMILESS:O=C(C1N=C(N)SC1)O).Product Details of 2150-55-2. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:2150-55-2) is conveyed.

Procedures are described for determination of 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, using diazotized sulfanilic acid or the mercury-diphenylthiocarbazone reaction. The compound should first be separated from interfering substances such as are found in urine. Paper electrophoresis, ion displacement, or chromatography suffice for this purpose.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Category: pyrazines. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about Metabolic pathway of L-cysteine formation from DL-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid by Pseudomonas. Author is Sano, Konosuke; Eguchi, Chikahiko; Yasuda, Naohiko; Mitsugi, Koji.

DL-2-Amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC) was completely converted to L-cysteine by intact cells or homogenates of P. thiazolinophilum. S-Carbamylcysteine was the actual intermediate of ATC hydrolysis. P. desmolytica Hydrolyzed only 50% of DL-ATC, but completely converted L-ATC into L-cysteine, suggesting that the organism had no ATC-racemizing enzyme and that ATC is racemized by an enzyme in P. thiazolinophilum. A proposed pathway from D-ATC to L-cysteine in P.thiazolinophilum is presented.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Yoon, Hyun Sook; Ryu, Ok Hee; Shin, Chul Soo published the article 《Bioconversion of D,L-ATC to L-cysteine using whole cells》. Keywords: aminothiazolinecarboxylate bioconversion cysteine Pseudomonas.They researched the compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid( cas:2150-55-2 ).SDS of cas: 2150-55-2. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:2150-55-2) here.

In the conversion of D,L-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (D,L-ATC) to L-cysteine using Pseudomonas species CU6, the effects of surfactants on whole cells and the stabilities of cell-free enzyme solution and continuous reactor packed with immobilized whole cells were investigated. The enzymic reaction was minimal by whole cells without the addition of surfactants, whereas it was well carried out with SDS or Triton X-100 and was comparable to the reaction using a cell-free enzyme solution The enzyme activity of the cell-free solution decreased 50% after 7 h of storage at 30°, but not under anaerobic conditions with sparging nitrogen gas. On the other hand, there were no effects of nitrogen gas in a continuous reactor using immobilized whole cells. Hydroxylamine, an inhibitor of L-cysteine desulfhydrase, lowered the enzyme stability.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 2150-55-2, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1N=C(N)SC1)O, Molecular C4H6N2O2SJournal, General Review, Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t, Review, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology called Metabolic pathways and biotechnological production of L-cysteine, Author is Wada, Masaru; Takagi, Hiroshi, the main research direction is review cysteine biotechnol production metabolic pathway.Recommanded Product: 2150-55-2.

A review. L-Cysteine is an important amino acid both biol. and com. Although most amino acids are com. produced by fermentation, cysteine is mainly produced by protein hydrolysis. However, synthetic or biotechnol. products have been preferred in the market. Biotechnol. processes for cysteine production, both enzymic and fermentative processes, are discussed. Enzymic process, the asym. hydrolysis of DL-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to L-cysteine, has been developed and industrialized. The L-cysteine biosynthetic pathways of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, which are used in many amino acid production processes, are also described. These two bacteria have basically same L-cysteine biosynthetic pathways. L-Cysteine-degrading enzymes and L-cysteine-exporting proteins both in E. coli and C. glutamicum are also described. In conclusion, for the effective fermentative production of L-cysteine directly from glucose, the combination of enhancing biosynthetic activity, weakening the degradation pathway, and exploiting the export system seems to be effective.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

HPLC of Formula: 2150-55-2. The mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocycles is consistent with that of benzene. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about A highly selective molecularly imprinted sorbent for extraction of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid – Synthesis, characterization and application in post-mortem whole blood analysis. Author is Lulinski, Piotr; Giebultowicz, Joanna; Wroczynski, Piotr; Maciejewska, Dorota.

In this paper, the optimized synthesis and detailed characterization of novel imprinted material for selective extraction of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) were described. The prepolymeric system contained 1-allyl-2-thiourea and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in methanol, THF and DMSO porogenic mixture and 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylic acid which was used as the template for ATCA. This structural analog of the target analyte was found to provide the imprinted polymer with sufficient binding capacity (60.7 ± 0.9 μg g-1) and high selectivity (imprinting factor equal to 18.4) toward ATCA. The adsorption of ATCA was analyzed by the Langmuir model. The heterogeneous population of binding sites on the imprinted polymer was characterized by dissociation constants equal to 3.72 μg L-1 and 435 μg L-1 for high and low affinity binding sites, resp. The morphol. of the polymer was studied employing SEM and BET analyses and the composition was confirmed by EDS and 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses. Adsorption of amino acids on the imprinted material was tested to analyze the impact of the sample components. The superiority of the imprinted sorbent was proved in a novel dispersive solid phase extraction procedure of ATCA from post-mortem whole blood with respect to the extraction efficacy on the com. ion-exchange sorbents. The limit of quantification and limit of detection of ATCA in the new anal. method were 12 μg L-1 and 3.5 μg L-1, resp. The recovery of ATCA was in the range of 81-89% and the precision of the method ranged from 1.5 to 2.7%.

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Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem

Recommanded Product: 2150-55-2. The mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocycles is consistent with that of benzene. Compound: 2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid, is researched, Molecular C4H6N2O2S, CAS is 2150-55-2, about Two-Stage Cultivation of Pseudomonas sp. F12 for the Production of Enzymes Converting DL-2-Amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid to L-Cysteine. Author is Fan, Cuili; Li, Zhimin; Ye, Qin.

Pseudomonas sp. F12 isolated from soil can transform DL-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC) to L-cysteine. It can grow in minimal medium containing DL-ATC as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and the apparent activity of L-cysteine synthesis (CS) achieved 122 U/mL in a 5-L bioreactor. Pseudomonas sp. F12 can utilize glucose as carbon source and ammonia as nitrogen source for growth, but no CS activity was formed. To reduce the cost of DL-ATC, the cultivation process was divided into a growth stage on glucose and ammonia and a production stage induced by DL-ATC. The excessive glucose led to the production of byproduct(s) which seriously inhibited cell growth and CS production Ammonium was accumulated when DL-ATC was consumed, and ammonium did not inhibit CS activity formation until 60 mM. Based on the above features, fed-batch cultivation of the growth stage was developed by supplying glucose restrictively. The volumetric CS activity was enhanced more than two times that obtained under the initial conditions.

If you want to learn more about this compound(2-Amino-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid)Recommanded Product: 2150-55-2, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(2150-55-2).

Reference:
Pyrazine – Wikipedia,
Pyrazine | C4H4N2 – PubChem